The representation of family on TV

The representation of family on TV The term nuclear family can be defined as a husband, wife and their two children; however in the last decade the framework through present television shows such as Modern Family Season 1-Episode 1, Simpsons episode Sweethome Homediddly Do and The Osbournes Episode Fight Club have begun to dismantle the hegemonic structure of the nuclear family when dysfunctional family members are torn from morally right decisions and left to their own deceptive behaviours. Modern Family, which was created by Sky 1, presents a very live action that contains gay parents and a dysfunctional family with a set of values. (Midgley, 2009). The Osbournes which, Ozzy is the rock and roll icon and father, does not take charge in helping the kids through conflict, but relents his role and gives his wife the responsibility of the children and household. Furthermore, The Simpsons, shows portrayal of hyper-vigilant mothers, who worry too much and the sorts of insane baby activities that occur at these groups was spot-on, and Homer and Marges junk food binge made up for some of the sloppiness in the main plot (Animation, 2009). The episode Sweethome Homediddly Do represents a comical view of a dysfunctional family which conflict arises then is resolved at the end. This essay will argue how Modern Family Season 1 Episode 1, Simpsons Episode Sweethome Homediddly Do and The Osbournes have manufactured dysfunctional chaos by making absurd decisions, reacting with wrong actions, coupled with out of control reactions, regretting their decisions with tremendous guilt and lastly, the constant shift in traditional power struggles are all challenging the boundaries of the hegemonic structure. These shows depict the underlining regression that has prevailed throughout societys deteriorating values to be acceptable and the norm of a nucleus family. ABC and MTV have addressed the overwhelming cry of broken relationships and to the rise of homosexuality, along with mixed signals of blended and single parenting society. The new direction of television sitcom is reflecting and desensitizing the family nucleus from what the truth is and what is morally right and acceptable. Families that are drawn to watch and to be entertained by dysfunctional chaos are now c hallenged to either accept or revolt to what they see. Modern Family is a show about when a family agrees to be interviewed by a documentary crew, they have no idea just how much theyre about to reveal about themselves. (Modern Family Synopsis, 2011) The main theme about the show is But thats the thing about family: no matter how badly you behave, hopefully theyll forgive (Modern Family Synopsis, 2011). No matter how absurd the situation of day to day accounts that are within the three eccentric families now portrays a family consisting of either blended single parents and same sex families that has been the regression of family nucleus fostered by the entertainment industry and advertisers alike catering to a fallen generation. Television networks and advertisers work together with the Nielsen ratings influence the of ideological impact on society. A form of manipulation formulated in predictable ways are what dictates the direction of all involved. http://tvsurveillance.com/2010/10/20/25000-people-are-good-enough-the-hegemonic-impacts- of-the-nielsen-television-ratings-system/ Neglect to tackle moral issues of adoption by same sex couples, co-habitation of couples under no authoritative leadership within the household are all fundamental issues that are disenthralled by light hearted entertainment that doesnt deal with the heart of the matter but focuses on communication breakdown. As seen in Season 1 Episode 1, Modern Family contains three different couples with children, one being family patriarch Jay Pritchett met the stunning Columbian Gloria Delgado which they both have a son. The second family, Jays daughter, Claire, is having a hard time raising her own family. Her husband Phil is great, except for the fact that he thinks hes down with their teenage kids, much to their embarrassment. Claires brother Mitchell and his enthusiastic partner Cameron have just adopted Lily, a precious little baby girl from Vietnam (Modern Family Synopsis, 2011). Modern Family pushes the limits of a normal family introducing new problematic issues usually never talked about in public and reinforces a dysfunctional family. 20th Century Fox Television largely developed this sitcom in a documentary fictitious style to facilitate modern families already familiar with bizarre and unpredictable storylines where only parents are faced with these kinds of situations. The real life home problems are embellished to make the situations so absurd that humour and light-headedness is the key emphasis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Family There are assigned roles within Modern Family, for example, Phil provides nurturing and love, while Claire holds the house together with structure (Groner, 2009). But that moment of sanity is far outweighed with real issues such as the two gay men kissing in bed. As Jeremy Clyman states, the whole ideology of this TV series is to have the theme Anything goes. All will be forgiven. Here again, this depicts that there are no boundaries and children of healthy moral families need to be nurtured with love consisting of boundaries and discipline for proper development or moral behaviour. With utterances of dont upset your mother, youre groundedeveryone can forget Christmas this year are all common household daily threats that consumer culture between the ages of 12 to 25 contend with and can relate to. When I said dysfunctional I meant it, but on the upside, no pattern proves too problematic; no rule too rigid (Clyman, 2010). Yet the episode gives no solid answers of moral issues concerni ng discipline and lifestyles. The episode contends with the issue of gays having the right for adoption but the sitcom contradicts this with the nerdy men afraid of their new role and responsibility, for example who will tell the baby he/she doesnt have a mom. An episode from Modern Family Season 1 Episode One, starts off with a very dysfunctional Phil yelling for his kids and Claire yelling at them first thing when they come down the stairs about not texting (Winer, 2009). The first episode of Modern Family depicts a real dysfunctional family where it is evident that Claire takes charge of the family but overpowering Phil in this episode. The value systems in Modern Family are seen to be as Jeremy Clyman Inherited patterns and invisible rules have some kinks in the armour but all flaws are redeemable (Clyman, 2010). Another example which challenges the hegemonic of a nuclear family is the presence of the gay couple in Modern Family, (lawyer and breadwinner Mitchell and self-described stay at home dad/trophy wife Cameron) (Choudhary, 2010). This defeats the purpose of a well rounded nuclear family as seen as through the Clevers or Leave it to Beaver. Mitchell and Cameron have a adopted son who they both share and take care of, through the 21st century, television sitcoms are becoming more gay and lesbian icons which the viewers are adapting to. The hegemonic ideology of a perfect family seen as a father, mother and two children, show viewers that the family ideology has shifted dramatically due from Leave it to Beaver to a show like Modern Family which reinforce social attitudes of everything goes while breaking down moral prejudice that once was evident but now lost in society. Furthermore, Simpsons is portrayed through animation which contains a typical middle class family situated in the town of Springfield consisting of the character Homer Simpson, who is lazy, overweight, slow witted father with his hapless wife Marge; and their son Bart who is a underachieving and proud of it (Tueth). The Simpsons became a hit television show due to the framework of a dysfunctional but yet happy family. The episode Home Sweet Homediddly Dum Diddly starts off with Marge taking the leading role of a typical housewife which was represented in the 1950s, as a wife who can cook and clean. Lisa, the bright daughter who continually succeeds in school is brought down and asking for newspapers for her school project while Bart comes down for breakfast with Dracula fangs and puts I am stupid on the back of Maggies back. This episode and Simpsons alone challenges the hegemonic ideology of the nuclear family because Homer is a fat father who does not put any effort into the chil dren or into any work. No discipline or respect is evident, with the kids ruling the house through typical behaviour of todays generation of unruly children, while the parents are stressed out and ignore what just happened. This type of class structure that is seen throughout this episode is a middle class American family that can only afford the necessities to live. For example in this episode, Homer gets Marge a pair of Spa gift certificates and she thinks he actually bought them while he got the Spa gift certificates for free for test driving a car (Groening, 2007). Another example from this episode is when Bart is getting his school picture taken then teacher Ms. Krabappel tells him to stop moving while she sees lice coming out of his hair (Groening, 2007). Homers Father is passed out lying on the coach with a mess everywhere; the child services crew comes and takes a picture and with that evidence the kids are taken to the child services. This is a key example how dysfunctional the Simpson family is and can relate now to majority sector of real-life modern family at a more subtle attack on the basic structure of the nuclear family of having a father that works and a stay at home mother who takes care of the children. Since Marge and Homer havent raised a normal family, their children also act in accordance with social norms, in essence complying with the accepted ideology of class (Jaffer, 2010). The ideology shown of class through the Simpsons is the middle class American Family and dysfunctional but at the end of each episode they always come together and unified into one happy family. Family structure may be questioned in the Simpsons sitcom where Homer manages to get himself into constant trouble with Marge, as she questions his sense of judgement; and their son Bart, out of control, playing pranks phone calls to Moes Bar, playing on words asking for a person named Al Coholic; having the bar owner calling out the word Alcoholics to his patrons. These are subliminal messages to the audience in the form of light-hearted entertainment via cartoons, not intended for children in their informative years of development. The last episode I will examine will be the Osbournes and how the Osbourne family challenges the hegemonic ideology of the nuclear family through their own life struggles as celebrities. Pieto states, the Osbournes, on the other hand, through their reality-based show, exemplify the American ideology of upward mobility. The reality of The Osbournes affluence is an ideological fiction for most working-class Americans (Pieto, 2009). Subsequently, Ozzy Osbourne known as Prince of Darkness is the front man icon from the 70s, as a pioneer of heavy metal music with a band called Black Sabbath, influencing audiences with drug use, sex and women. Ozzy brings home his abusive lifestyle and tries to stay on top of chaos with his slurred speech impediment and shaky hands, due to his rebellion of past drug and alcohol abuse. The pop sub-culture of his era accept this because of his innate stardom and huge following. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne The Osbourne family is far from the id ealistic nuclear family, with troubles magnified by MTV commercial success and exposure to worldwide fans endorsing his dark acts of elicit behaviour such as biting a bats head off on stage. Ozzys concerns is not being a role model but delegates Sharon, his wife not only to be his manager but to handle all the chaos at home. He shuts down when it comes to decision making and turns to Sharon for help. The children have grown up with this hierarchy in the family and now demonstrate it amongst each other in chaos and disrepect. Comparing the Osbournes to the Cleavers show, demonstrates how June plays the peacemaker and defers the authority and problem on Wards shoulders. At the end of the day, they all laugh together as a family. This is a classic scene of a nuclear family, where the conflict is resolved through harmony and that submission is given to parental authority. However, the Osbournes challenge the hegemonic ideology of the nuclear family because rocker father Ozzy, demonstrates his father roll secondary to his rock roll performances always escaping parental leadership being absent from their lives. Through the episode of Fight Club of Osbournes, the form and structure is similar to Leave it to Beaver about the conflict. This episode tries to configure the different narratives the of celebrity and narrative of fatherhood. Ozzy as a figure tries to combine and tries to reconcile these two characters where you find on MTV and Leave it to Beaver. As seen through this episode of Fight Club of the Osbournes, the children Kelly and Jack do not get along and are always fighting; for example, they push each other non stop in the kitchen and always swearing at each other. The Osbournes have a similar narrative of a family sitcom where the conflict is resolved at the end. Furthermore, the realism that Osbournes represent to the audience is manufactured by the television producers, manipulating by editing and non-stop filming to get the desired results they want shown to the working class Americans and their pop culture of that era. Television producers use the power of freedom of speech to coerce desired fabricated results, giving them total control on the part of the participants to have influence in advertisers appeal and ratings that bring in money. http://www.nyu.edu/pubs/counterblast/osbournes.pdf In conclusion, this generation has degenerated and has fallen short from the traditional nuclear family containing a father, mother and children and this has formed the ideological substratum of television on a whole. As the ideological framework has been corrupted by 21st century, family sitcoms such as Modern Family, Simpsons, and The Osbournes, have challenged the idealistic family set of values introducing alternative lifestyles, blended families or single parent and furthermore same sex parents. These shows have become to dismantle and challenge the true meaning of a traditionally nuclear family. As seen through Leave it to Beaver is a prime example of a traditional nuclear family, the ideal American family a father and a mother, bound to each other by legal marriage, raising children bound to them by biology is a stubborn relic, a national symbol that has yet to be retired as threadbare and somewhat unrealistic (Benfer, 2001). Modern Familys gay couple Cameron and Mitchell are challenging the hegemonic ideology of the nuclear family every time it airs on television. They have taken one step further and have allowed scenes where the two men have kissed. These kinds of scenes are orchestrated to push the limits of what is allowed to desensitize the impressionable children growing up in this generation. Television is now targeting to more the Gay and Lesbian audience and is trying to show how a gay couple can actually live with an adopted child. This medium justifies what is already evident in our traditional culture and glorifies it to win the favour of its views. Furthermore, the animated sitcom Simpsons brings a humorous way of attacking the audience through the lazy Homer and the adolescence kid, Bart who consistently gets into trouble. Bart is looking for attention in the wrong way and as a child is behaving like an adult gone bad. His pranks and jokes are have an underlying connotation to them, demeaning his peers around him. Whereas The Osbournes shown through a celebrity and realism depicts Ozzys personality as a rock star and a father out of control. Sharon is the structure of the household keeping both kids and Ozzy in line, but their family is so dysfunctional there is always a conflict in the episode but the viewing audience never reaches a learning curve to their situations. It only leaves a distasteful appeal to critically analyze where did Osbournes success get them? As the 21 century seems to challenge the idealistic family set of values through living as single parents, unmarried partners or blended, gay and lesbian families as problematic (Benfer, 2001), this shows how the ideology has shifted dramatically and Modern Family, Simpsons and Osbournes have taken the ideology of the nuclear family and have set a different set of values to appeal to the viewers of the television. ABC and MTV has manipulated the television medium by giving a band-aid to its viewers, re-enforcing what families are dealing with, such as broken relationships and the rise of homosexuality in the nuclear family. The television producers manipulate by editing and selective script writing to get their message across to desensitize the family nucleus and to justify that this is the way our generation is. This enforces no family structure or accountability for unmoral lifestyles. Animation and realism intrigue the audience in the form of entertainment through the representati on of a comical viewpoint that entices the audience to want to view more. Constant exposure to dysfunctional chaos has the danger of excepting what the culture trend of our generation pushes, if we do not take action and be guided by our own convictions. If not, then television shows have an important role to play in setting our social attitudes and breaking down prejudices whether they are good or bad. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/tv-hit-from-us-about-quirks-of-modern-parenting-strikes-a-chord/story-e6frf96f-1225872285000 If we do not take a stand, then sitcoms such as Modern Family, Simpsons and Osbournes will be our voice to the next generation which is our children.

Final Paper Cost Accounting Essay

Principles of Accounting II Cost Accounting Accounting is the accumulation and aggregation of info for decision makers including administrators, traders, authorities, loan providers, as well as the general public. Accounting systems impact behavior and administration and have effects across divisions, companies, and even nations. This report will provide the reader a knowledge regarding cost accounting. This report will talk about: Why is cost accounting so essential to the achievement of the company; what are the different ways of cost accounting and how are they utilized; how does an operating budget work in order to control a firms administration; what are the factors of a financial budget; how are financial budgets developed; what is variance analysis and the way its utilized. Cost accounting can be defined as the procedure of gathering, computing, assessing, interpreting as well as reporting cost info which is both helpful and related to the internal and external stakeholders of a business. Among the many advantages of cost accounting is that it converts data into info, knowledge and wisdom regarding a business entitys functions which is helpful for: gauging efficiency, decreasing or controlling expenses, deciding the charges or rates for services and goods, determining to approve, change or stop a plan or activity. One more advantage is that info on the costs programs as well as activities can be used as a foundation in order to approximate future expenses in organizing as well as analyzing budget requests. As soon as budgets are authorized as well as executed, cost info serves as a helpful comment on efficiency. In addition to that, costs might be compared to known or supposed advantages in order to identify value-added and non-value added actions. Deadline: ( ), Business – Acc†¦ To download this tutorial follow the link – https://bitly.com/12B1whO There is no denying the important role a college education can play in just about anyone’s life. But, many worry that they do not know enough about  higher education to make intelligent decisions about their future. By keeping the above information close at hand, it is possible to make the entire process clearer and much more intuitive than you may have thought possible. Deadline: ( ), Business – Accounting Week1 D1: As you have learned in this week’s readings the Accounting Equation is + Owners’ Equity. Is the accounting equation true in all instances? Provide sample transactions from your own experiences to demonstrate the validity of the Accounting Equation. D2: What does the term account mean? What are the different classifications of accounts? How do the rules for debits and credits impact accounts? Please provide an example of how debits and credits impact accounts. Assignment: (see attached file) Week2 D1: Financial statements are a product of the accounting cycle. Think about two different companies: a manufacturing company, and a retail company. Why would different companies have different accounting cycles? Would you expect the steps of the accounting cycle to be the same for each company? Why or why not? D2: What is the purpose of a bank reconciliation? What are the reasons for differences between the cash reported in the accounting records and the cash balance in the bank statements? Assignment: See attached file Week3 D1: The controller of Sagehen Enterprises believes that the company should switch from the LIFO method to the FIFO method. The controller’s bonus is based on the next income. It is the controller’s belief that the switch in inventory methods would increase the net income of the company. What are  the differences between the LIFO and FIFO methods? D2: A variety of depreciation methods are used to allocate the cost of an asset to all of the accounting periods benefited by the use of the asset. Your client has just purchased a piece of equipment for $100,000. Explain the concept of depreciation. Which of the following depreciation methods would you recommend: straight-line depreciation, double declining balance method, or an alternative method?

Out of This Furnace

Out of this Furnace, by Thomas Bell, tells the story of a multigenerational family of Slovakian immigrants. This family of five generations came to American in the late nineteenth century in search of a better life. One of the first to arrive, Djuro Kracha, arrived in the New World in the middle of the 1880s. The novel starts off telling of his voyage from the â€Å"old country† and the labor he performed to accumulate enough money for his walk to Pennsylvania. He ventured on his journey to Pennsylvania in the search for a job in the steel mills.The story also tells of his rejection by the mainstream community as a â€Å"hunkey,† and the lives of his daughter and grandson. Soon enough though, the family becomes somewhat acculturate and even â€Å"Americanized,† and they soon become to resent the treatments they suffer. Their slow rise to business ownership was quickly ended by a series of events; a summer of Djuro’s drinking habit, Djuro’s return to his work in the steel mills, Mary’s marriage to a worker in the mills, and Djuro’s grandson’s disagreements with unfair labor prices.These events eventually intertwine with America’s transformation of the 1880’s to the 1940’s. During the 1880’s to the 1940’s, a wave of Eastern European immigrants grew in America, triggered by growing industries and advancing technology. This soon led to the establishment of steel mills, other factories, and plants which reshaped the American labor force. The experiences of Djuro and Mike, Mary’s husband, reflect a level of hostility towards Europeans from â€Å"mainstream† Americans and earlier. Without a doubt, the Kracha’s were negatively affected by stereotypes and attributions.However, the men and women who desired citizenship in the New World, Bell suggested only desired it to improve their lives and the futures of their families. Bell does not portray any immigrants who fail to accept the necessity of hard work. Therefore, Djuro’s minor episode of drunkenness shouldn’t take away from the years of efficient and effective work he completed to achieve his â€Å"American dream. † Another point Bell seemed to make clear was that Mike’s idealism was a consequence of his own desire to participant in that dream.The novel is set at a time when most people believed that the diverse ethnic groups entering the United States actually had a damaging effect on culture. Dobie Dobrejcak wanted to improve working conditions, treatments, economic prospects, and the lives of working men. His beliefs of possible social transformation actually confirmed the American Dream and the willingness of people to chase their dreams, even against great odds. The majority of immigrant groups that traveled to America went in search of freedom and economic opportunity.These immigrants, in all actuality, made huge contributions to the growth of the cou ntry. Westward expansion was made possible for workers, even today; immigrants work jobs that might have otherwise gone begging. Thomas Bell even argues that the Jews, Catholics, the Irish and the Slavs were the ones that made America’s achievements and progresses possible. Bell uses Mike and Mary’s lives to reference the Americans’ want and demand for immigrants during expansion, and to express how out of favor immigrants were during America’s recessions.As the 1920s came around, recession and depression made immigrant workers unpopular and unnecessary. This novel tremendously expresses the lives of immigrants like the Kracha’s and Dobrejcak’s and explains their want to achieve parity and equality. In the book, however, the term â€Å"American† did not change. The thing that truly changed was the determination to work against forces trying to prevent the family from entering the mainstream society. To truly understand the â€Å"Amer ican Experience† an immigrant had to realize that it was not a classical experience.It is known that early colonists and new immigrants coming to the United States had the same dreams and values. To them, the New World represented land opportunity, freedom of religion, the ability to overcome an aristocratic Old World, and the freedom to develop one’s own wishes. The topic of immigration in America has always sparked massive controversy. Some people believed anyone had the right to move from country to country as they pleased. Others thought the immigrant population actually benefitted the country by facilitating economic growth, development, and prosperity.The Americans against immigration mainly focused on the differences of new cultural groups. Mostly though, the Native American party argued that the country was about to receive a threat due to the massive increase in the â€Å"body of residents of foreign birth, imbued with foreign feelings, and of ignorant and imm oral character who receive the elective franchise and the right of eligibility to political offices. † Others thought that new immigrants hurt American society because of their lack of education, their impoverishment, lack of skill and their Catholic and Jewish religions.Early opposition to specific immigrants was focused on any groups perceived as inferior to the Anglo-Saxon stock. Disagreements on immigration focused mainly on the immigrant’s lack of adaptability based on different ethnic groups. The views of non-immigrants were that; foreigners lower the intelligence, efficiency, and orderliness plane, they increased alcoholism, crime, and immorality, the barriers of speech, education, and religious faith cause divisions, and that immigrants add to the number of poor people, tend to be illiterate, and cause overpopulation.Early settlers of the United States were a mixture of whites, Anglo- Saxons, and immigrants. Every ethnic group that has come into the United State s has helped shape the American dream and shared that experience, rather happily or not. A major shaping of our economic system resulted from the influence of immigration that helped bring dramatic changes in our population census. The United States of America can mean a variety of different things to several different people.The core of the â€Å"American dream† is without a doubt, freedom and equality. However, this nation was founded on republican principles of justice for all, friendship with all nations, and alliances with none. Since then, these principles have undergone several changes. For example, today the United States has many â€Å"alliances† that influence its domestic and foreign policies. Nevertheless, â€Å"justice for all† remains intact and continuously attracts new immigrants each year, while trying to determine what really constitutes â€Å"justice and equality. †

The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk Fighters Essay - 1024 Words

The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk was a single-engine, single-seat, metal fighter plane and ground-attack aircraft that was made by the Americans. The P-40 Warhawk fighters first flew in 1938 and caught the attention of the United States Army Air Corps, who placed the largest fighter plane order it had ever made for fighters for a count of 524 at a cost of US$13 million. This was the earliest serious fighter in WWII and did its job until better fighters came out. It was known as a safe and secure aircraft that was able to fly pilots back home after being shot up in action. Many variants of this plane were later created. In addition, the shark teeth graphics were a big feature on this plane. The first flight of the XP40 was in Buffalo, NY by a man†¦show more content†¦A P-40 would out-roll a Zero at high speeds, and a good P-40 pilot could use this to great effect if the Zero pilot fell for it. Another thing was that for every good Zero model, the P-40 had a variant that was faster. Therefore, the P-40 pilot could always break off an attack. The P-40, of course, had an even greater advantage in diving speeds, with well over 400 miles per hour attainable with no risk of damage to the planes strong airframe. Early Zeros couldnt hit 350 miles per hour without the risk of damage to their plane. To get back on topic of the P-40’s design, the P-40’s rudder had red, white, and blue stripes. The engine cowling had a large shark mouth and eye. There were actually only 199 P-40s made. The rest were variants of it. The next step in the P-40 developmental stage was the P-40A. The P-40A received a camera installation near the rear of the fuselage. The P-40B received a better protected fuel system to keep it from possibly being blown up. The P-40C then was given the ability to carry bombs and received self-sealing gas tanks. Less than 50 P-40 Ds were made, and they basically got a complete overhaul. They had a completely redesigned canopy, better cockpit, and all had two machine guns added, one in each wing and the distinctive chin air scoop was made bigger so they could properly cool the large Allison engines .The P-40E and P-40 E-I was a lot like the P-40D except the engines were a littleShow MoreRelatedJapan s Attack On Pearl Harbor Essay2361 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"The Chopper† Finally, the aircrafts that were used over the course of the war also had a large impact on the outcome of the war. Three examples of these aircraft were the Grumman F6F Hellcat, the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk and finally the Boeing B-29 Super Fortress. The Hellcat was a fighter that was designed to take off of aircraft carriers. The Hellcat was known for it’s ability to secure air superiority over the Japanese in the Pacific. Throughout the entire war, the Hellcats were creditedRead MoreThe Safety Of Military Equipment1902 Words   |  8 Pagesassigning enlisted men. Most of them had been in training for aircrew duties in other fields such as pilots, navigators and bombardiers better know as flight clerks. The flight clerks were assigned to a special flight called â€Å"Red Ball.† This flight was set p to deliver crucial aircraft parts to ATC (Air Traffic Control) units.By the end of the war flight clerks where flying on mostly four-engine transports to be responsible for c argo and passengers as well. In the late 1940’s the term ‘loadmaster’ had been